{"id":1490,"date":"2024-08-22T09:07:48","date_gmt":"2024-08-22T09:07:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/?p=1490"},"modified":"2024-08-22T09:07:49","modified_gmt":"2024-08-22T09:07:49","slug":"major-depressive-disorder-and-how-to-overcome-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/vi\/neurologycal-mental-disease\/major-depressive-disorder-and-how-to-overcome-it\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u00f3?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Definition of Major Depressive Disorder<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37620370\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">Major Depressive Disorder<\/a><\/strong> is a pathological state of mood characterized by the inhibition of all mental activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the 10th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), typical depression is usually manifested by a depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure in all activities, and reduced energy, leading to increased fatigue and decreased activity, persisting for at least two weeks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, other symptoms may include reduced concentration and attention, decreased self-esteem and self-confidence, feelings of guilt and worthlessness, a bleak and pessimistic outlook on the future, thoughts or acts of self-harm or suicide, sleep disturbances, and poor appetite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The causes of depression remain unclear and, furthermore, may result from multiple factors. Several hypotheses have been proposed, including:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img data-dominant-color=\"d7cfd4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #d7cfd4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\"   src=\"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Depressive-01-1024x576.avif\" alt=\"Major Depressive Disorder is a pathological state of mood characterized by the inhibition of all mental activities.\" class=\"not-transparent wp-image-1501\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Depressive-01-1024x576.avif 1024w, https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Depressive-01-300x169.avif 300w, https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Depressive-01-768x432.avif 768w, https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Depressive-01-18x10.avif 18w, https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Depressive-01-jpg.avif 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Major Depressive Disorder Causes<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The endocrine hypothesis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The neurotransmitter hypothesis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The genetic hypothesis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The brain alteration hypothesis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Some risk factors for depression include:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Family history<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gender<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Molecular biomarkers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Living environment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trauma<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Life events<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Physical illnesses<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Clinical symptoms of the depressive phase:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Three primary symptoms:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Firstly, <strong>Depressed mood:<\/strong> Persistent for at least two weeks, with slight day-to-day variation and often disproportionate to the circumstances.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Secondly, <strong>Loss of interest or pleasure in activities.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lastly, <strong>Reduced energy and increased fatigue.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img data-dominant-color=\"5e5a56\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #5e5a56;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"585\"   src=\"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/20030a97337fe10cfeb7028852f56e99-1024x585.webp\" alt=\"Major Depressive Disorder is a pathological state of mood characterized by the inhibition of all mental activities.\" class=\"not-transparent wp-image-1503\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/20030a97337fe10cfeb7028852f56e99-1024x585.webp 1024w, https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/20030a97337fe10cfeb7028852f56e99-300x171.webp 300w, https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/20030a97337fe10cfeb7028852f56e99-768x439.webp 768w, https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/20030a97337fe10cfeb7028852f56e99-1536x878.webp 1536w, https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/20030a97337fe10cfeb7028852f56e99-18x10.webp 18w, https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/20030a97337fe10cfeb7028852f56e99.webp 1792w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Symptoms of Depression<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Seven other common symptoms:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Reduced concentration and attention.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Decreased self-esteem and self-confidence, difficulty making decisions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Feelings of guilt and worthlessness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A bleak and pessimistic outlook on the future.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thoughts or acts of self-harm or suicide.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sleep disturbances.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Changes in appetite (increased or decreased) with corresponding changes in body weight.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Somatic (biological) symptoms of depression:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Loss of interest in activities that are generally enjoyable.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lack of emotional reactivity to events and surroundings that are usually pleasurable.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Waking up two hours earlier than usual.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Depression is worse in the morning.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Objective evidence of psychomotor retardation or agitation (noticed or reported by others).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Decreased appetite.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Weight loss (5% or more body weight than the previous month).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Moreover, there is a significant loss or decrease in sexual interest.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Psychotic symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations, may or may not be present during the depressive phase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Major Depressive Disorder is diagnosed according to the criteria outlined in the <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition<\/em> (DSM-5):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A. Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report or observation made by others.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain or decrease or increase in appetite nearly daily.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly every day.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Recurrent thoughts of death, moreover recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>C. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>D. The symptoms are not better explained by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic episode.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-dominant-color=\"877c76\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"673\" height=\"404\"    src=\"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Depressive-02.webp\" alt=\"Major Depressive Disorder is a pathological state of mood characterized by the inhibition of all mental activities.\" class=\"not-transparent wp-image-1504\" style=\"--dominant-color: #877c76; width:815px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Depressive-02.webp 673w, https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Depressive-02-300x180.webp 300w, https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Depressive-02-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 815px) 100vw, 815px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Major Depressive Disorder Diagnosis<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Medical conditions<\/strong>: Drug-induced depressive syndrome; hypothyroidism, where the patient may experience fatigue, sleep disturbances, and poor appetite. However, thyroid hormone testing is required to confirm this.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Psychiatric conditions<\/strong>: Adjustment disorder with depressive response, somatization disorder, bipolar disorder.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0110i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The most dangerous complication of depression is the presence of suicidal thoughts and, furthermore, behaviors.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Patients may also suffer from exhaustion due to refusal to eat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Principles of Treatment:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Treat the underlying cause of depression (if identified).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alleviate and eliminate symptoms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prevent recurrence and, furthermore, relapse of depression.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use combination therapies and multimodal approaches when necessary.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pharmacotherapy:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): Amitriptyline, Clomipramine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): Sertraline, Fluoxetine, Paroxetine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs): Duloxetine, Venlafaxine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs): Mirtazapine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (DNRIs): Bupropion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Antipsychotics: Haloperidol, Olanzapine, Clozapine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mood stabilizers: Carbamazepine, Valproate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ECT is prioritized in cases of severe depression with suicidal ideation and behaviors, treatment-resistant depression, or when other depression therapies have failed. Contraindications must be strictly observed to prevent complications during ECT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Psychotherapy:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This includes cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, interpersonal therapy, and moreover, relaxation training.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, each case may involve a combination of therapies to achieve optimal outcomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There is no absolute prevention method because the causes of <a href=\"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=1490&amp;action=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">depression<\/a> are complex and interrelated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Only relative prevention is possible. Firstly, educating children from a young age and fostering strong character development helps them adapt to life. Additionally, monitoring individuals with a family history allows for early detection and timely treatment while ensuring comprehensive follow-up and maintenance treatment helps prevent relapse and recurrence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moreover, psychosocial rehabilitation for depression patients is essential for reintegration into the community and family life.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>R\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1499,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[93],"tags":[143,141,142],"class_list":["post-1490","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-neurologycal-mental-disease","tag-depressed-mood","tag-depression","tag-major-depressive-disorder"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1490"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1490"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1490\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1505,"href":"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1490\/revisions\/1505"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1499"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1490"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1490"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tramedhealth.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1490"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}